Insertion Sort

If the             
  

               first few objects are already sorted, an unsorted object can be inserted in the 

sorted set in 

 proper place. This is called insertion sort. 

An algorithm consider the elements one at a time, 

inserting each in its suitable place among those already   

considered (keeping them sorted) Insertion sort is an example of an 

incremental algorithm; 

it builds the sorted sequence

 one .number at a time.

Algorithm:

It works the way you might sort a hand of playing cards:

1. We start with an empty left hand [sorted array] and the cards face down on the 

table.

2. Then remove one card [key] at a time from the table [unsorted array], and insert it into the correct position in the left hand [sorted array].

3. To find the correct position for the card, we compare it with each of the cards already in the hand, from right to left.

^^ ...  Note that at all times, the cards held in the left hand are sorted, and these cards were originally the top cards of the pile on the table.

Pseudocode:

        We use a procedure INSERTION_SORT. It takes as parameters an array A[1.. n] and the length n of the array. The array A is sorted in place: the numbers are rearranged within the array, with at most a constant number outside the array at any time.

INSERTION_SORT (A)

1.     FOR j ← 2 TO length[A]

2.             DO  key ← A[j]   

3.                   {Put A[j] into the sorted sequence A[1 . . j − 1]}  

4.                    i ← j − 1   

5.                    WHILE i > 0 and A[i] > key

6.                                 DO A[i +1] ← A[i]            

7.                                         i ← i − 1    

8.                     A[i + 1] ← key

Example: Following figure (from CLRS) shows the operation of INSERTION-SORT on the array A= (5, 2, 4, 6, 1, 3). Each part shows what happens for a particular iteration with the value of j indicated. j indexes the "current card" being inserted into the hand.

Best-Case:

The best case occurs if the array is already sorted. For each j = 2, 3, ..., n, we find that A[i] less than or equal to the key when i has its initial value of (j − 1). In other words, when i = j −1, always find the key A[i] upon the first time the WHILE loop is run.

T(n) = an + b = O(n)

It is a linear function of n.

Worst-Case:

The worst-case occurs if the array is sorted in reverse order i.e., in decreasing order. In the reverse order, we always find that A[i] is greater than the key in the while-loop test. So, we must compare each element A[j] with each element in the entire sorted subarray A[1 .. j − 1] and so tj = j for j = 2, 3, ..., n.

T(n) = an2 + bn + c = O(n2)

Noises report

^^… Noises …^^

    What is noise figure?

Noise figure is a figure-of-merit that describes the amount of excess noise present in a system. Minimizing noise figure reduces system impairments that result from noise. In our personal lives, noise degrades the image quality

of TV pictures, and adversely impacts the voice quality of cell phone calls. In military applications like radar, receiver noise limits the effective range of the system. With digital communications, noise increases the bit-error rate. System designers always try to optimize the overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system. This can be done by increasing the signal, or by reducing noise. In a

transmit/receive system like a radar system, one possibility is to increase the radar’s transmitted power by using bigger, more powerful amplifiers, and/or by using larger antennas. Decreasing the path loss between the transmitter and

receiver also helps increase SNR, but path loss is often defined by the operating

environment and cannot be controlled by the system designer. SNR can also be

increased by decreasing receiver-contributed noise, which is usually determined by the quality of the low-noise amplifier (LNA) at the front end of the receiver. In genera l, it is easier and less expensive to decrease receiver noise (and achieve a better noise figure) than to increase transmitter power.

The definition of noise figure is simple and intuitive. The noise factor (F) of a network is defined as the input SNR divided by the output SNR:

 F = (Si/Ni)/(So/No), where

   Si= input signal power

   So = output signal power

   Ni = input noise power

   No = output noise power

Noise figure (NF) is simply the noise factor expressed in decibels: NF = 10*log (F)

This definition is true for any electrical network, including those that shift the frequency of the input signal to a different output frequency, such as an up or down converter.

To better understand the concept of noise figure, consider an amplifier where the output signal is equal to the input signal multiplied by the gain of the amplifier. If the amplifier is perfect, the output noise is also equal to the input noise multiplied by the amplifier’s gain, resulting in the same SNR at both the input and output of the amplifier. For any real-world amplifier however, the output noise is larger than the input noise multiplied by the gain, so the SNR at the output is smaller than that at the input, resulting in F being greater than one, or NF being greater than 0 dB.

It is important to note that when measuring and comparing noise figures, the test system is assumed to provide perfect 50-ohm terminations at the input and output of the device-under-test (DUT). In real-world scenarios however, this is never the case. Later, we will discuss the accuracy implications if our test system is not exactly 50 ohms, and we will show how calibration and measurement methods can overcome the errors produced from an imperfect 50-ohm source

match.

* Simulating Network Noise;

We propose a simple dependency-based simulation scheme to assess the influence of network noise to complex application communication patterns .Communication Patterns usually consis to f point-to-point messages and dependencies between them. For example a small-message

Broadcast operation is often implemented with a binomial tree. Such an algorithm usually consists of multiple rounds where each non-root and non-leaf node has to receive data and pass this data onto its children. This scheme allows the construction of a global dependence graph in which the send operations of all nodes but the root process depend on a previous receive (from a previous communication round).

Our simulation considers an application communicator of size x and a perturbation communicator of size y . The communication in the application communicator is modeled as a collective operation that consists of multiple rounds.

The perturbation communicator is modeled with random

Communication (each process picks a random peer to send data to so tha teach process is receiving from exactly one peer) for each round of the application communicator .The simulation performs the routing of all messages (application and perturbation) through the network and counts the congestion of each physical link. Each edge in the dependence graph is then annotated with the maximum congestion along the corresponding logical link in the network simulation.

Then, a breadth first search is started at every root node and the longest path in the dependence graph is reported as the time for this collective operation (we assume that the finishing time of the last process of the collective operation is significant).

* Importance of noise :

 accuracy

   One of the goals of this application note is to give the reader a better understanding of accuracy issues related to noise figure measurements.

   Measurement accuracy is important in both R&D and manufacturing environments.

In R&D, better noise figure accuracy means that there will be a better correlation between simulations and measurements, helping designers refine circuit models faster. But higher accuracy also means that a system designer can better optimize transmit/receive systems like those used in radar applications.

   When assigning performance values to all of the individual components of the

system, the system designer must add a guard band based on measurement accuracy, since a component designer will measure their device to verify its performance. For noise figure, improved measurement accuracy and smaller guard bands mean the LNA can have better specifications, which in turn means that lower-power transmit amplifiers can be used for the same overall system

SNR. This translates to smaller, lighter, and cheaper transmitters, all of which is very important for airborne and spaceborne applications.

   In manufacturing, improved measurement accuracy also allows use of smaller guard bands, which provides better correlation among multiple test stations.

   This means fewer products must be reworked, resulting in higher yields and improved throughput, and lower test costs. Smaller guard bands also allow better device specifications, yielding more competitive products that command higher prices or attain higher market share.

* Conclusions and Future Work;

We showed that network noise can have a significant impact to the performance of large-scale parallel applications. 

..........

الألوان ...

تتميز الالوان بانها مميزة لشخصية كل منا .. فكل منا له رد مختلف عن الاخر بشأنها وذلك نتيجة اختلاف تفضيلنا لألوان مميزة في رأينا أو بسبب الخلفية الثقافية التي ينتمي لها كل منا .. وتعتبر تلك النظرية ( نظرية الألوان ) بمثابة علم متكامليميز شخصية البشر بناء على الوانهم المضلة لدرجة ان البعض يهتم بها حتى في اختيار الوظائف المناسبة له .. بعض البلدان لها انطباع خاص عن الالوان ( التفاؤل والتشاؤم مثلا )

مع التفاصيل نستعرض بعض الالوان وسماتها كالتالي:

1.                       الألوان الدافئة:

وتتضمن الاحمر - البرتقالي - الاصفر والعديد من درجات الالوان بينهم تعتبر الوان نارية .. الوان برائحة تساقط الاوراق في الخريف .. الوان الغروب اليومي للشمس وشروقها معا .. الوان النشاط .. العاطفة .. والايجابية

يندرج البرتقالي ( كلون فرعي ) من دمج اللونين الرئيسين الاحمر والاصفر وذلك يثبت ان الالوان الدافئة لا تندرج ابدا الا من مثيلاتها ولا تندرج من الوان باردة.

ü    الأحمر: لون العنف .. الحروب .. النزاعات والقتال وايضا الحب والعاطفة. يذكر لنا التاريخ انه دائما ما رمز الى الشيطان واله الحب ايضا (كيوبيد ) .. يؤثر على البشر فدائما ما يؤدي الى ارتفاع ضغط الدم ويزيد التنفس ويسرع ايضا عمليات التمثيل الغذائي. تتشاءم منه العرائس في اوروبا بينما يعتبر فال خير في الصين .. لون الصباح والشروق في افريقيا وله تاثير على المارة في الشارع نظرا لاشارات المرور.. لا ننسى دوره في جذب الانظار في عمليات التصميم بالحاسوب

ü    البرتقالي: من الالوان المفعمة بالحياة ذات الطابع المليء بالطاقة ينتمي بشكل فطري للخريف والارض بشكل عام في الصورة الصامتة له نظرا لتغيير الفصول وايضا تغير الحركة من جانب اخر .. يشير الى الحيوية والصحة نظرا لارتباطه بفاكهة البرتقال التي تحمل اسمه .. له تاثير خاص في تصاميم الحاسوب .. فيجذب البشر لكن التاثير الزائد الذي يميز اللون الاحمر له عليهم .. هو ايضا من اكثر الالوان المحببة للبشر واكثرها جاذبية.

ü    الأصفر: يعتبر الاكثر طاقة ولمعان بين الالوان الدافئة يعبر عن السعادة ولمعان الشمس لا ننسى انه يعبر عن الخداع والجبن ايضا. يرتبط بالامل ايضا تبعا لثقافة بعض البلدان وله درجة اقل من الاحمر للارتباط بالخطر .. تتاثر به البلدان تبعا لثقافتها بين تمييز الصباح والدلالة على الشجاعة وتمييز التجار.. لا تنسى في مرحلة تصاميم الحاسوب ان تستخدمه للتعبير عن السعادة .. ما يتعلق بالاطفال .. الرغبة في دوام شيء ما فهو فعال جدا بدرجاته المتفاوتة

2.                       الالوان الباردة:

وتتضمن الازرق - الأخضر - البنفسجي وغالبا ما تتميز بالخفوت عن الالوان الدافئة هي الوان الماء.. الليل .. الطبيعة .. الوان الهدوء والراحة والتحفظ. الازرق فقط هو الاساسي بينهم في قائمة الالوان والباقي ناتج عن دمج العديد منها مع بعضها البعض .. اضف بعضا منها على تصاميمك لتضيف شيئا من الاحترافية والهدوء عليها.

ü    الاخضر: يقترب جدا من لون الارض .. لون البدايات ونمو المزروعات .. لون التجديد ووفرة المنتجات .. لون الحسد والغيرة وقلة الخبرة. ياخذ العديد من صفات اللونين الاصفر والازرق .. ملائم جدا لتصاميم الثروة .. الاستقرار .. التجديد .. والطبيعة.

ü    الازرق: يرتبط دائما بالحزن في الثقافة الانجليزية وايضا المسؤوليات والهدوء والسلام وايضا له مرجعية دينية في بعض العقائد والتقاليد .. عادة ما يتم استخدامه في التصميم ليضفي القوة .. الارتباط .. الهدوء والسكينة وايضا الطاقة الايجابية باختلاف درجاته.

ü    البنفسجي: اللون الملكي المميز الناتج عن دمج الاحمر والازرق معا لياخذ منهما صفات مشتركة .. لون الابداع والخيال. في تايلاند هو المميز للون الصباح .. رمز الثروة والمال ايضا .. لون الرومانسية على اختلاف درجاته.

3.    الألوان الحيادية:

غالبا ما يتم اعتمادها كخلفيات للتصاميم يظهر تاثيرها بوضوح تبعا للالوان الاخرى المستخدمة معها حين يُحسن استخدامها.

ü    الاسود: الاقوى بينهم .. رمز القوة .. الأناقة والرسمية كجوانب ايجابية .. وعلى الجانب الاخر رمز الغموض والشر والموت .. لون تقليدي في العديد من البلدان الغربية يعتمدونه في احتفالات كعيد الهلاك. عليك باستخدامه لاطرافراف لوحتك في التصاميم فهو مناسب في جميع الحالات نظرا لاستخدامه في الظواهر الطبوغرافية فيضفي الغموض على لوحاتك.

ü    الأبيض: يقع في الجانب الاخر لسلسلة الطيف المرئي لكنه كالاسود في استخداماته .. رمز النقاء .. النظافة .. والفضيلة. في الغرب هو اللون المميز للافراح .. لا ننسى مؤسسات الصحة العالمية وترميزه للملائكة. مناسب جدا كخلفيات لتصاميمك .. بين الصيف والشتاء انت من يقرر كيف يستخدمه مع بعض الالوان الاخرى لابراز اهميته.

Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer and genetics:

       The breast is made up of glands called lobules that can make milk  and thin tubes called ducts that carry the milk from the lobules to the nipple. Breast tissue also contains fat and connective tissue, lymph nodes, and blood vessels. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which begins in the cells of the ducts. Breast cancer can also begin in the cells of the lobules and in
other tissues in the breast. Invasive breast cancer is breast cancer that has spread from where it began in the ducts or lobules to surrounding tissue.
In the U.S., breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women after skin cancer. It can occur in both men and women, but it is very rare in men. Each year there are about 2,300 new cases of breast cancer in men and about 230,000 new
cases in women.
osis → Screening and Testing → Genetic Testing

Genetic Testing:
       Three of the most well-known genes that can mutate and raise the risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer are BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2. Women who inherit a mutation, or abnormal change, in any of these genes — from their mothers or their fathers — have a much higher-than-average risk of developing breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer. (Abnormal PALB2 genes are suspected to raise the risk of ovarian cancer, but larger studies need to confirm that risk.) Men with these mutations have an increased risk of breast cancer, especially if theBRCA2 gene is affected, and possibly of prostate cancer. Many inherited cases of breast cancer have been associated with mutations in these three genes.
The function of the BRCA and PALB2 genes is to keep breast cells growing normally and prevent any cancer cell growth. But when these genes contain the mutations that are passed from generation to generation, they do not function normally and breast cancer risk increases. Abnormal BRCA1, BRCA2, andPALB2 genes may account for up to 10% of all breast cancers, or 1 out of
every 10 cases.
Most people who develop breast cancer have no family history of the disease. However, when a strong family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer is present, there may be reason to believe that a person has inherited an abnormal gene linked to higher breast cancer risk. Some people choose to undergo genetic
testing to find out. A genetic test involves giving a blood or saliva sample that can be analyzed to pick up any abnormalities in these genes.
""Simply having a proven gene abnormality does not necessarily mean that a woman will develop breast cancer, or that her cancer will be any worse than cancer that does not stem from an inherited genetic flaw..""

-- Marisa Weiss, M.D., chief medical officer, Breastcancer.org

The proteins produced from the
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA, which helps to maintain the stability
of a cell's genetic information. They are described as tumor suppressors because they help keep cells from
growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. Mutations in these genes impair DNA repair,
allowing potentially damaging mutations to persist in DNA. As these defects accumulate, they can trigger cells to grow and divide without control or order to
form a tumor.
A significantly increased risk of breast cancer is also a feature of several rare genetic syndromes. These include Cowden syndrome, which is most often caused by mutations in the PTEN gene;hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, which results from mutations in the CDH1 gene; Li-Fraumeni syndrome, which is usually
caused by mutations in the TP53 gene; and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, which typically results from mutations in the STK11 gene. The proteins produced from these genes act as tumor suppressors. Mutations in any of these genes can allow
cells to grow and divide unchecked, leading to the development of a cancerous tumor. Like BRCA1 and BRCA2, these genes are considered "high penetrance" because mutations greatly increase a person's chance of developing cancer. In addition to breast cancer, mutations in these genes increase the risk of several other types of cancer over a person's lifetime. Some of the conditions also include other signs and symptoms, such as the growth of noncancerous (benign) tumors.
Mutations in dozens of other genes have been studied as possible risk factors for breast cancer. These genes are described as "low
penetrance" or "moderate penetrance" because changes in each of these genes appear to make only a small or moderate contribution to overall breast cancer risk. Some of these genes provide instructions for making proteins that interact with the proteins produced from the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Others act through different pathways. Researchers suspect that the combined influence of variations in these genes may significantly impact a person's risk of developing breast cancer.
In many families, the genetic changes associated with hereditary breast cancer are unknown. Identifying additional genetic risk factors for breast cancer is an active area of medical research.
In addition to genetic changes, researchers have identified many personal and environmental factors that contribute to a person's risk of developing breast cancer. These factors include gender, age, ethnic background, a history of previous breast cancer, certain changes in breast tissue, and hormonal and reproductive factors. A history of breast cancer in closely related family members is also an important risk factor, particularly if the cancer occurred in early
adulthood.

About 5% to 10% of breast cancers are thought to be hereditary,
caused by abnormal genes passed from parent to child. Genes are particles in cells, contained in chromosomes, and made of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA contains the instructions for building proteins. And proteins control the structure and function of all the cells that make up your body. Think of your genes as an instruction manual for cell growth and function. Abnormalities in the DNA are like typographical errors. They may provide the wrong set of instructions, leading to faulty cell growth or function. In any one person, if there is an error in a gene, that same mistake will appear in all the cells that contain the same gene. This is like having an instruction manual in which all the copies have the same typographical error.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes:

Having.an.abnormal BRCA1 or BRC A2 gene doesn't mean you will be diagnosed with breast cancer. Researchers are learning that other mutations in pieces
of chromosomes -- called SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) -- may be
linked to higher breast cancer risk in women with an abnormal BRCA1 gene as well as women who didn't inherit an abnormal breast cancer gene. Women who are diagnosed with breast cancer and have an abnormal BRCA1 orBRCA2 gene often have a family history of breast cancer,
ovarian cancer, and other cancers. Still, most people who develop breast cancer did not inherit an abnormal breast cancer gene and have no family history of the disease.
Men with an abnormal BRCA1 gene have a slightly higher risk of prostate cancer. Men with an abnormal BRCA2 gene are 7 times more likely than men without the abnormal gene to develop prostate cancer. Other cancer risks, such as cancer of the skin or digestive tract, also may be slightly higher in men with

abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.

Steps you can take:

       If you know you have an abnormal gene linked to breast cancer, there are lifestyle choices you can make to keep your risk as low it can be:
 maintaining a healthy weight
 exercising regularly
 limiting alcohol
 eating nutritious food
 never smoking (or quitting if you do smoke)
Along with these lifestyle choices, there are other risk-reduction options for women at high risk because of abnormal genetics.

Hormonal therapy:

medicines:
Two SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) and two
aromatase inhibitors have been shown to reduce the risk of developing hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer in women at high risk. Tamoxifen has been shown to reduce the risk of first-time hormone-receptorpositive breast cancer in both postmenopausal and premenopausal women at high risk. Certain medicines may interfere with tamoxifen's protective effects. Evista (chemical name: raloxifene) has been shown to reduce the risk of first-time
hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
Hormonal therapy medicines do not reduce the risk of hormone-receptor-negative breast cancer.

More frequent screening:

    If you're at high risk because of an abnormal breast cancer gene, you and your doctor will develop a screening plan tailored to your unique situation. You may start being screened when you're younger than 40. In addition to the recommended screening guidelines for women at average risk, a screening plan for a woman at high risk may include:
 a monthly breast self-exam
 a yearly breast exam by your doctor
 a digital mammogram every year starting at age 30 or younger

 an MRI scan every year starting at age 30 or younger

Protective surgery:

    Removing the healthy breasts and ovaries -- called prophylactic surgery ("prophylactic" means "protective") -- are very aggressive, irreversible riskreduction options that some women with an abnormal BRCA1 orBRCA2 gene choose. Prophylactic breast surgery may be able to reduce a woman's risk of developing
breast cancer by as much as 97%. The surgery removes nearly all of the breast tissue, so there are very few breast cells left behind that could develop into a cancer.

 How much does having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation increase a woman’s risk of breast and ovarian cancer?
     A woman’s lifetime risk of developing breast and/or
ovarian cancer is greatly increased if she inherits a harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Breast cancer: About 12 percent of women in the general population will develop breast cancer sometime during their lives (4). By contrast, according to the most recent estimates, 55 to 65 percent of women who inherit a harmful BRCA1 mutation and around 45 percent of women who inherit a harmful BRCA2 mutation will develop breast cancer by age 70 years (5, 6).

Abstract:

      For many tumors, pathological subclasses exist which have to be further defined by genetic markers to improve therapy and follow-up strategies. In this study, cDNA array analyses of breast cancers have been performed to classify tumors into categories based on expression patterns. Comparing purified normal
ductal epithelial cells and corresponding tumour tissues, the expression of only a small fraction of genes was found to be significantly changed. A subset of genes repeatedly found to be differentially expressed in breast cancers was subsequently employed to perform a classification of 82 normal and malignant
breast specimens by cluster analysis. This analysis identifies a subgroup of transcriptionally related tumours, designated class A, which can be further subdivided into A1 and A2. Correlation with classical clinicopathological parameters revealed that subgroup A1 was characterized by a high number of nodepositive tumours (14 of 16). In this subgroup there was a disproportionate number of
patients who had already developed distant metastases at
the time of diagnosis (25% in this subgroup, compared with
5% among the rest of the samples). Taken together, the use of these differently expressed marker genes in conjunction with sample clustering algorithms provides a novel molecular classification of breast cancer specimens, which facilitates the identification of patients with a higher risk of recurrence.

Color Meaning

  Red

Red is the color of fire and blood, so it is associated with energy, war, danger, strength, power, determination as well as passion, desire, and love.

Red is a very emotionally intense color. It enhances human metabolism, increases respiration rate, and raises blood pressure. It has very high visibility, which is why stop signs, stoplights, and fire equipment are usually painted red. In heraldry, red is used to indicate courage. It is a color found in many national flags.

Red brings text and images to the foreground. Use it as an accent color to stimulate people to make quick decisions; it is a perfect color for 'Buy Now' or 'Click Here' buttons on Internet banners and websites. In advertising, red is often used to evoke erotic feelings (red lips, red nails, red-light districts, 'Lady in Red', etc). Red is widely used to indicate danger (high voltage signs, traffic lights). This color is also commonly associated with energy, so you can use it when promoting energy drinks, games, cars, items related to sports and high physical activity.

Light red represents joy, sexuality, passion, sensitivity, and love.Pink signifies romance, love, and friendship. It denotes feminine qualities and passiveness.Dark red is associated with vigor, willpower, rage, anger, leadership, courage, longing, malice, and wrath.Brown suggests stability and denotes masculine qualities.Reddish-brown is associated with harvest and fall.

  Orange

Orange combines the energy of red and the happiness of yellow. It is associated with joy, sunshine, and the tropics. Orange represents enthusiasm, fascination, happiness, creativity, determination, attraction, success, encouragement, and stimulation.

To the human eye, orange is a very hot color, so it gives the sensation of heat. Nevertheless, orange is not as aggressive as red. Orange increases oxygen supply to the brain, produces an invigorating effect, and stimulates mental activity. It is highly accepted among young people. As a citrus color, orange is associated with healthy food and stimulates appetite. Orange is the color of fall and harvest. In heraldry, orange is symbolic of strength and endurance.

Orange has very high visibility, so you can use it to catch attention and highlight the most important elements of your design. Orange is very effective for promoting food products and toys.

Dark orange can mean deceit and distrust.Red-orange corresponds to desire, sexual passion, pleasure, domination, aggression, and thirst for action.
Gold evokes the feeling of prestige. The meaning of gold is illumination, wisdom, and wealth. Gold often symbolizes high quality.

  Yellow

Yellow is the color of sunshine. It's associated with joy, happiness, intellect, and energy.

Yellow produces a warming effect, arouses cheerfulness, stimulates mental activity, and generates muscle energy. Yellow is often associated with food. Bright, pure yellow is an attention getter, which is the reason taxicabs are painted this color. When overused, yellow may have a disturbing effect; it is known that babies cry more in yellow rooms. Yellow is seen before other colors when placed against black; this combination is often used to issue a warning. In heraldry, yellow indicates honor and loyalty. Later the meaning of yellow was connected with cowardice.

Use yellow to evoke pleasant, cheerful feelings. You can choose yellow to promote children's products and items related to leisure. Yellow is very effective for attracting attention, so use it to highlight the most important elements of your design. Men usually perceive yellow as a very lighthearted, 'childish' color, so it is not recommended to use yellow when selling prestigious, expensive products to men – nobody will buy a yellow business suit or a yellow Mercedes. Yellow is an unstable and spontaneous color, so avoid using yellow if you want to suggest stability and safety. Light yellow tends to disappear into white, so it usually needs a dark color to highlight it. Shades of yellow are visually unappealing because they loose cheerfulness and become dingy.

Dull (dingy) yellow represents caution, decay, sickness, and jealousy.Light yellow is associated with intellect, freshness, and joy.

  Green

Green is the color of nature. It symbolizes growth, harmony, freshness, and fertility. Green has strong emotional correspondence with safety. Dark green is also commonly associated with money.

Green has great healing power. It is the most restful color for the human eye; it can improve vision. Green suggests stability and endurance. Sometimes green denotes lack of experience; for example, a 'greenhorn' is a novice. In heraldry, green indicates growth and hope. Green, as opposed to red, means safety; it is the color of free passage in road traffic.

Use green to indicate safety when advertising drugs and medical products. Green is directly related to nature, so you can use it to promote 'green' products. Dull, darker green is commonly associated with money, the financial world, banking, and Wall Street.

Dark green is associated with ambition, greed, and jealousy.Yellow-green can indicate sickness, cowardice, discord, and jealousy.Aqua is associated with emotional healing and protection.Olive green is the traditional color of peace.

  Blue

Blue is the color of the sky and sea. It is often associated with depth and stability. It symbolizes trust, loyalty, wisdom, confidence, intelligence, faith, truth, and heaven.

Blue is considered beneficial to the mind and body. It slows human metabolism and produces a calming effect. Blue is strongly associated with tranquility and calmness. In heraldry, blue is used to symbolize piety and sincerity.

You can use blue to promote products and services related to cleanliness (water purification filters, cleaning liquids, vodka), air and sky (airlines, airports, air conditioners), water and sea (sea voyages, mineral water). As opposed to emotionally warm colors like red, orange, and yellow; blue is linked to consciousness and intellect. Use blue to suggest precision when promoting high-tech products.

Blue is a masculine color; according to studies, it is highly accepted among males. Dark blue is associated with depth, expertise, and stability; it is a preferred color for corporate America.

Avoid using blue when promoting food and cooking, because blue suppresses appetite. When used together with warm colors like yellow or red, blue can create high-impact, vibrant designs; for example, blue-yellow-red is a perfect color scheme for a superhero.

Light blue is associated with health, healing, tranquility, understanding, and softness.Dark blue represents knowledge, power, integrity, and seriousness.

  Purple

Purple combines the stability of blue and the energy of red. Purple is associated with royalty. It symbolizes power, nobility, luxury, and ambition. It conveys wealth and extravagance. Purple is associated with wisdom, dignity, independence, creativity, mystery, and magic.

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